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 We have seen how rumination Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 8:25:45 +0000
Digestion proper does not take place until the food enters the last compartment, the abomasum, or rennet stomach (see p 8). It takes the latter of its names from a peculiar secretion of its mucous membrane, the rennet, which in the stomach of the young calf causes the milk of the mother to curdle. We have seen how rumination implies a saving of force, and con- sequently of food.

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1. - Hitherto the task Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 14:02:32 +0000
A FULL statement of the reasons which have prompted me to write this book, and of the principles on which the work is founded, has already been set forth in a separate publication,* which may therefore be accepted as a detailed preface to the present work. Briefly sum- marized, my views are that, in accordance with the present condition of the sciences of zoology and botany, as well as of the teaching art, certain changes in the methods of instruction have become necessary. Hitherto the task of the science teacher has been limited to a mere one-sided description and a dry classification of natural objects, whereas it has now become of primary importance to regard such objects in all their various relations, and to reveal to the pupil the intimate connection between the structure of living organisms and their vital functions ; or, expressed in other words, to replace the antiquated and purely descriptive form of instruction by a new method, based on physiologico-morphological, or, in short, biological, observations.

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2. - A superficial knowledge being quite Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 13:47:28 +0000
It is my opinion that only in this manner is it possible to convert instruction in natural history into a real mental discipline, second to none in educational value, and one, moreover, which, so far as the pupil's mental powers and the present state of our knowledge permit, is likely to supply him with a true insight into Nature and natural phenomena, and, finally, one which is capable of affording a powerful and lasting stimulus to that sense for Nature which is innate in the young. The present work has been written from this standpoint for the purpose of supplying schools with the material necessary for instruction in zoology. A superficial knowledge being quite valueless as an instrument of education or mental culture, I have, in the consideration of each animal group, selected a single example embodying the average type, which on the 'one hand exhibits as clearly as possible the organization of the group, and on the other hand will also serve as an illustration of its Arguments for Reform in the Teaching of Natural History.

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3. - remaining members Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 13:36:38 +0000
" Third edition. Stuttgart : Erwin Niigele, 1899. remaining members.

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4. - That the method here recommended Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 13:19:01 +0000
Anyone who reads through a full and exhaustive examination of this kind, which endeavours to explain the causal con- nection between the structure and the functions of living organisms, will at once admit that instruction conveyed in this manner not only presumes a much greater attention, a more careful observation, and more accurate inferences on the part of the scholar, but also a much deeper comprehension of Nature and natural phenomena than ever was or can be obtainable by a mere description. Descriptions of the usual kind may be " read off" by any pupil, even the youngest, under the teacher's guidance, either from the natural object itself or a good illustration, and ought also to be furnished by the scholar himself as an incentive to independent activity on his part ; but, in my opinion, these ought not to find a place in a school text-book. That the method here recommended of studying natural objects does, however, by no means neglect the accurate observation of form and character is evident from the fact that, when these are not recognised, their significance also must remain unknown.

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5. - In my explanations, I Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 13:07:21 +0000
A thoroughly sound instruction conducted on these principles must, however, be based on direct observation ; and I have therefore in this work, as far as was possible, selected types from our native fauna, and by preference such as are of special importance to man and in the order of Nature as a whole. This principle of selection has also been adopted in the case of the other more briefly considered species. In my explanations, I have in places been obliged to make use of a somewhat teleological manner of expression, it being impossible to express relations of cause and effect pregnantly in any other form.

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6. - Being fully conscious that it Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:51:54 +0000
Nor is it necessary to remind teachers that the general data (to be worked out by the teacher and pupil himself), viz, the definitions and characters of the separate groups, have been placed as headings to the several sections only in order to afford a convenient synopsis of the group and to avoid repetition. I have endeavoured, even down to details, to shape my explanations in accordance with the present status of the natural sciences, while at the same time I have avoided reference to general theories not yet fully substantiated or unintelligible to the young. Being fully conscious that it is no longer within the powers of a single student to command the whole wide domain of zoology, I have invariably in doubtful and difficult cases called in the advice of distinguished specialists, which has always been bestowed with the utmost readiness and goodwill".

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7. - Through the excellent skill Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:34:57 +0000
Thereby, therefore, wish to express my warmest thanks to the gentlemen who have thus kindly assisted me, viz : Dr Ahlborn, Hamburg ; Priv Decent Dr Brandes, Halle-on-Saale ; Professor Dr Dahl, Berlin ; Dr Kluge, Magdeburg ; Professor Dr Kiikenthal, Breslau ; Dr Sajo, Buda-Pesth; Professor Dr Simroth, Leipzig; Dr Smalian, Halle-on- Saale ; Dr Stingelin, Olten, and Dr Tiimpel, Gera. I further owe special thanks to Priv Docent Dr Hesse, Tubingen, for kindly under- taking the troublesome and time-absorbing task of reading the work in manuscript. Through the excellent skill of the distinguished animal-painter, Herr Albert Kail, and the self-sacrificing generosity of the publisher, I have been enabled to adopt, in regard to the illustrations also, methods in part quite new in school text -books.

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8. - Prompted as the work Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:19:52 +0000
I have represented the animals, not according to the usual hackneyed illustrations taken from stuffed or preserved museum specimens, but as living beings amidst their natural surroundings, and with special attention to the characteristic features of their mode of life. In now presenting to the public this result of many years of labour and difficulty, I must not omit to state that I do not regard the work as by any means perfect or complete, but shall heartily welcome any suggestions or advice for its improvement. Prompted as the work has been by a love of teaching and of Nature.

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9. - I have little doubt Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 12:02:10 +0000
I now send it forth into the world with the earnest wish that it may render teaching a labour of love to the teacher, and the study of Nature a delight to the young. THIS English edition of Dr Schmeil's text-book is translated from the second German edition, the issue of which, following close upon that of the first edition, proved that the book was very favourably received in Germany. I have little doubt that in England, also, the merits of the work will be appreciated.

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10. - Kosenstock's excellent translation Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 11:49:58 +0000
I have not undertaken to verify all the author's descriptions, nor have I made any alterations of a general character in the substance or the treatment. I have merely compared Mr. Kosenstock's excellent translation with the original text, and corrected the proofs, making here and there emendations in detail where a statement seemed to me open to doubt, or where differences between the fauna of Britain and Germany had to be indicated.

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