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(a) An animal Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:05:24 +0000 Vegetable substances are therefore less nutritious than animal products (flesh, milk, blood, etc. The ox, accordingly, having to support a body of large size, is obliged to take in large quantities of food. (a) An animal of the size of an ox would not be able to satisfy its hunger if it cut off the blades of grass singly, one by one (or in small fragments, like rodents). Autor of the post: Undefined The tongue, moreover, is very Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 11:45:55 +0000 It therefore pulls up its food in bunches. In this task it is greatly assisted by the tongue, which is very long, and, being pro- truded laterally from the mouth, grasps the bundle and conveys it to the teeth. The tongue, moreover, is very rough, and therefore able to obtain a firmer hold of the grass. Autor of the post: Undefined By these teeth the bunch Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 11:32:56 +0000 (b) For tearing off the bunch a long roiv of incisors is necessary. These teeth, accordingly, are broad and numerous, six form as the incisors. By these teeth the bunch of fodder is pressed against the edge of the upper jaw, which is toothless and cartilaginous. Autor of the post: Undefined (c) A great part Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 11:22:35 +0000 The tufts of grass are detached by an upward push of the head. The incisors are very long and large, and directed obliquely forwards, so that the animal is able to cut off quite short grass ; but in this case no assistance is rendered by the tongue. (c) A great part of the day is spent by the ox in the act of feeding. Autor of the post: Undefined Wild cattle, moreover, in order Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 11:11:04 +0000 While thus engaged it cannot, like carnivorous animals, lie down or stand still, but must continue to move along slowly. To this end it is furnished with strong legs and feet, which terminate in stout hoofs (compare with cat). Wild cattle, moreover, in order to find fresh pastures, are often obliged to undertake long migrations. Autor of the post: Undefined (Compare, on the contrary Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 10:56:03 +0000 (d) The strong musculature of the neck enables the animal while feeding to keep its head depressed for the space of hours. (e) The large quantity of food taken in calls into requisition a large stomach for its reception and digestion, as well as of (f) A long intestine it is about twenty-two times as long as the body offering a large surface of absorption for the nutritious particles of the food, which are only sparingly scattered throughout the whole digestive mass (chyme). (Compare, on the contrary, the carnivora. Autor of the post: Undefined (Compare, on the other hand Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 10:37:04 +0000 ) 2 The nutritious elements of vegetable substances (starch, sugar, albumin, etc) are enclosed within hard coats of cellulose, which are not dissolved by the digestive juices. In order that their enclosed contents may be digested, these cellulose envelopes must be destroyed, and to effect this the vegetable materials taken in as food require to be crushed and ground up as finely as possible. (Compare, on the other hand, the dog, which swallows a piece of meat thrown to it without previously chewing it at all. Autor of the post: Undefined (b) For the same pur- Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 10:22:13 +0000 ) The grinding up of the food is effected by (a} A lateral grinding movement of the lower jaw. To this end the articular heads, or condyles, of the lower jaw have the form of transversely- placed rollers, turning in corresponding sockets of the temporal bones. (b) For the same pur- pose the two rows of molars in the upper jaw are placed Row OF MOLARS IN THE UPPER JAW OF THE Ox. Autor of the post: Undefined (d) These tubercles Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 10:08:40 +0000 farther apart than those of the lower jaw. (c) The crowns of the molars are broad, and their surfaces are raised into blunt tubercles (compare with a millstone). (d) These tubercles have the form of crescent-shaped folds oj enamel (selenodont), arranged in the longitudinal direction of the jaw, the convexities of the crescents being turned inwards in the teeth of the upper, and outwards in those of the lower, jaw (compare with rodents). Autor of the post: Undefined (f) For the presence Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 9:56:09 +0000 (e) In order that the food may be thoroughly ground up, a large grinding surface is necessary. Accordingly, the molars are both large and numerous, six on each side above and below. (f) For the presence of such a number of large teeth large jaws are required, which explains the elongated head of the ox. 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