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South America and the semi- Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 14:33:53 +0000 Man, however, by taking the ox under his protection, has relieved this animal from either of the above-named functions, and in order to understand its structure in reference to them we must consider only such animals of the species as still live under natural condi- tions, or, at least, such surroundings as deviate but slightly from a state of nature. As examples of such we may cite the wild oxen of . South America and the semi- savage cattle of the Hungarian Pussta. Autor of the post: Undefined " They observed the sportsman before Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 14:14:15 +0000 These animals are left to seek their own food, and to engage in a constant struggle for life with the larger beasts of prey. 1 A traveller who came across a number of wild cattle in the valley of the Hoangho (China) reports that they were hunted with great dif- ficulty, being very " cautious and of keen senses." They observed the sportsman before he even got within range. Autor of the post: Undefined The eyes of our domestic Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 14:02:49 +0000 The keenness of their smell is indicated sufficiently by their widely-open, con- stantly-moistened nostrils (compare with dog). The conical ears are very movable, and their openings are pointed in the direction whence a sound proceeds (compare with hare). The eyes of our domestic cattle are large and dull, indicating feeble sight. Autor of the post: Undefined (a) That the ox Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 13:49:12 +0000 Wild cattle, on the other hand, have, as a rule, bright, brilliant eyes, evidently endowed with such visual powers as are required for a life in a state of nature. 2 The same traveller further tells us of the wild cattle of the Hoangho that they are " as light-footed as antelopes " (which see). (a) That the ox is fleet of foot would appear from the fact that it is a digitigrade animal (see wolf), walking, moreover, only on the tips of two toes, the third and fourth. Autor of the post: Undefined (6) The toes are invested Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 13:32:40 +0000 The metacarpal and metatarsal bones of these digits are united to form strong tubular bones, which act as firm pillars for the heavy body, and give the necessary length for a running animal. The second and fifth digits are rudimentary, and do not reach the ground. (6) The toes are invested in stout hoofs, enabling the animal to step firmly and plant itself securely against the inequalities of the surface. Autor of the post: Undefined These are hollow, and form Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 13:22:14 +0000 Though the domesticated ox cannot, by a long way, attain to the speed of the antelope, it can nevertheless, on occasion, run with considerable velocity, as anyone can tell who has ever seen a wild bull rushing over the fields. The possession of special organs of defence, viz, the horns. These are hollow, and form sheaths or covers for large bony excrescences developed from the frontal bones. Autor of the post: Undefined The force employed Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 13:04:45 +0000 The presence of these organs condi- tions the great breadth and height of the forehead. The cranial bones are of unusual thickness, and capable of enduring the hardest blows. The force employed in the use of the horns as thrusting or butting weapons is supplied in the powerful musculature of the nape of the neck. Autor of the post: Undefined The strength of the ox Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:54:19 +0000 Through the presence of these muscles and a loose-hanging cutaneous fold, the dewlap, the neck appears shorter than it really is. The spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae, and especially of the first dorsal vertebra, are very long, and furnish surfaces of attachment for the muscles. The strength of the ox lies chiefly in the neck. Autor of the post: Undefined Among the smallest and Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:39:27 +0000 Accordingly, when made to draw a cart or the plough, the yoke is attached to the animal's forehead. Wild or semi-savage oxen live in herds, which renders them better able to defend themselves than if they lived in a solitary state. Among the smallest and, at the same time, fiercest enemies of the ox must be placed the flies. Autor of the post: Undefined It is a well-known fact Post Date: Wed, 13 Aug 2008 12:21:47 +0000 (See gad-fly, the Hypoderma bovis, and the African tsetse.) These pests it endeavours to drive away by lashing its tail, convulsively twitching its skin, or flicking them off its eyes with its external ears. It is a well-known fact that a piece of meat furnishes a more lasting nourishment than an equivalent amount of bread or any other vegetable product (eg, fruit or vegetables). 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