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utside of each of the thumbs Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 10:51:36 +0000 (b) The hands are very broad, and their inner surfaces, which are hairless, are directed posteriorly. Their breadth is still further increased by a sickle- shaped bone placed on the o.utside of each of the thumbs, the so-called " falciform bone. Autor of the post: Undefined (c) The mole scratches Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 10:39:30 +0000 " The short toes are for the greater part of their length united by webs. They have long broad nails sharpened at the points. (c) The mole scratches or scrapes loose the earth with its feet in the same way as we should scrape off a portion from some solid object with a spoon. Autor of the post: Undefined (d) The clavicles are strong Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 10:19:31 +0000 In the latter operation, it is most advantageous to hold the handle of the spoon as short as possible (why ?), and accordingly in the case of the animal the hand has a very short stalk ; ie, the upper and lower arms are very short and quite hidden within the body, the hand only projecting out of the fur. The bones of the arm are of extra- ordinary strength, and impart great firmness to the stalk of the hand. (d) The clavicles are strong, and afford firm points of attachment to the fore-limbs. Autor of the post: Undefined Being wedge-shaped, it can Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 10:05:49 +0000 (Compare with the bat and bird.) 2 In loose and especially sandy soil the head assists in forcing a passage for the body. Being wedge-shaped, it can by powerful forward pushes be easily driven through the soil. Autor of the post: Undefined It follows accordingly Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 9:49:55 +0000 This wedge-shaped form of the head is due to the elongation of the nose into a snout or proboscis. Though rendered firm by the presence of cartilage, this proboscis as can be easily proved in the living or dead animal nevertheless remains pliant and movable. It follows accordingly that the head cannot be used as a boring instrument in a hard or still less a stony soil. Autor of the post: Undefined Accordingly, to enable the hands Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 9:36:39 +0000 Here the digging feet alone can operate. These, however, do not extend beyond the front of the snout in the extended animal, as it is indispensable that they should for carrying out their work. Accordingly, to enable the hands to precede the head in hard soil, the head is drawn very far back, further, in fact, than is possible in the case of any other mammal. Autor of the post: Undefined Having previously made a passage Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 9:21:11 +0000 (This can be very clearly shown in a dead animal by pressing the head.) Further, the head also acts as a shovel. Having previously made a passage opening on the surface, the animal, by powerful pushes of the head, throws up from its underground tunnel any loose earth which has accumulated there. Autor of the post: Undefined 3 The hind-limbs take no Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 9:07:35 +0000 This explains the origin of a molehill. While thus occupied the cautious creature, however, always takes care to keep its body covered with a layer of loose earth from 6 to 8 inches in depth. 3 The hind-limbs take no part in the work of burrowing. Autor of the post: Undefined This shape is of great Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 8:53:31 +0000 They are, therefore, much weaker than the fore-legs, and have the usual form. Treading with the whole sole of the foot for the sake of friction, they push 4 The cylindrical body forwards. This shape is of great importance to a burrowing animal, for the size of the burrow depends on the greatest thickness at any part of the body. Autor of the post: Undefined The result is a considerable Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 8:40:21 +0000 And if the body were flattened either laterally or horizontally it could not turn round on its axis. (What is the shape of other burrowing animals known to you ?) 5 The neck is so short as to be quite imperceptible from outside. The result is a considerable saving of force, for a long neck, by being deflected when the head is thrust forward, would involve a considerable waste of force. 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