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In this manner the walls Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 20:43:36 +0000 (d) Clavicles are present, and give firm support to the arms, on whicli the principal work falls during the animal's progress through the air (see p 11). In the true ribs the lower portion, which in most other mammals remains cartilaginous, is completely ossified, whilst the different sections of the sternum coalesce into one single piece. In this manner the walls of the thoracic chamber acquire great firmness. Autor of the post: Undefined The bones of the bat Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 20:24:53 +0000 (e) For the performance of much work strong muscles are required, and thus we find in the bat very powerful thoracic muscles, which are attached to remarkably large shoulder-Hades and to a high bony crest developed along the median line of the sternum, which thus presents arrangements very similar to those which obtain in birds. 2 How Flight is facilitated. The bones of the bat are not hollow (pneumatic) like those of birds, nor do we meet with air-sacs within the body cavity, as in the latter (which see), so that a diminution of the weight of the body is brought about by other means. Autor of the post: Undefined In the latter this surface Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 20:09:40 +0000 (a) All the bones (excepting the shoulder-blades and clavicles) are extremely tliin, but at the same time rigid. (b) The supporting surface is much larger than in birds. In the latter this surface is formed by the wings only and their feathers, whereas in the bat it extends beyond the legs to the tail. Autor of the post: Undefined Thus, the bat is not Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 19:57:54 +0000 (c) The size of the creature is small, the intestine short (see Section B, 6 and 8). Nevertheless, progress through the air is a less easy task for the bat than for the bird, with its specifically lighter body. Thus, the bat is not able to soar in the air like a bird of prey (which see). Autor of the post: Undefined Bats can, however, move through Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 19:39:41 +0000 To prevent itself from falling, it must constantly keep its flying membrane in motion. As in the case of other mammals, excessively strong movements of the fore- limbs produce " loss or shortness of breath "; consequently the flight of bats is not as enduring as that of birds (see the section on the Eespira- tion of Birds). Bats can, however, move through the air with consider- able nimbleness, and by help of the tail, which acts as a rudder, can even execute rapid turns. Autor of the post: Undefined In order to rest it Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 19:22:33 +0000 How Bats creep and climb. The bat, however, cannot be said to be an aerial creature in the same degree that the fish is spoken of as an aquatic animal. In order to rest it is obliged to descend upon solid objects. Autor of the post: Undefined (Would this be possible if Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 19:04:31 +0000 The limbs, accordingly, are not merely instruments for flying, but also for creeping and climbing (compare with seal). 1 By means of its claw-shaped thumb, it hooks itself on to the ground, and then pushes its body forward with its feet. (Would this be possible if thumb and feet were in- cluded in the flying membrane?) In this manner the bat creeps, though somewhat awkwardly. Autor of the post: Undefined 3 For the same reason Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 18:44:58 +0000 2 On account of the shortness and weakness of its legs, the bat cannot dart upwards into the air in the manner of a bird, nor is it able to unfold the flying membrane to its fullest extent while still on the ground, since the legs are to some extent enclosed within it. For this reason it climbs up tree-trunks, walls, or other objects, by the help of its claw-like thumb and its feet, and then, by allowing itself to drop, is once more enabled to launch itself into the air. 3 For the same reason the bat BAT IN SUSPENDED assumes a peculiar position even when at rest, suspending itself by the feet, head downwards, from projecting beams or edges of its dwelling-place. Autor of the post: Undefined The bat passes the day Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 18:32:46 +0000 If while in this position it allows itself to drop, it can at once expand its flying membrane. In spite of their extreme slenderness, the feet are yet able to maintain the animal in this suspended position during the day and the period of hibernation (see below). The bat passes the day asleep, only making its appearance at sunset for the nightly pursuit of its prey. Autor of the post: Undefined 1 As may be gathered Post Date: Fri, 15 Aug 2008 18:15:55 +0000 This latter consists of flies, gnats, beetles, and more especially moths. The bat, accordingly, is a nocturnal insectivorous creature, and its structure is admirably adapted to these habits. 1 As may be gathered from their small size, the eyes of the bat are not sharp-sighted. 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