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(c) Sensations of touch Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:59:50 +0000 This membrane in its turn receives the vibrations and transmits them to a fluid contained in the labyrinth. Thence the vibrations reach the terminations of the auditory nerve, which expands within the labyrinth, whence they are conveyed to the brain, where they enter into the consciousness in the form of tones or noises. (c) Sensations of touch are conveyed by the whole skin ; as special organs of touch we may enumerate the tips of the fingers (in man, apes) ; the lips, with their special bristles (examples) ; the trunk (examples) ; the wing-membrane in bats ; as well as the tongue (giraffe, cattle). Autor of the post: Undefined Very fine rod-like terminations Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:49:20 +0000 (d) The nose is the organ of smell. Its interior consists of large cavities lined by a membrane. Very fine rod-like terminations of the nerve of smell (olfactory nerve) project through the nasal membrane into the interior of the cavities, and are fanned and stimulated by the current of air which enters the nose during inspira- tion. Autor of the post: Undefined (It is impossible to smell Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:36:06 +0000 This stimulus is trans- mitted by the nerve to the brain. To prevent the nerve terminations from drying up and becoming functionless, they are kept constantly moist by a mucous fluid secreted by the nasal mucous membrane. (It is impossible to smell when the nose is dry. Autor of the post: Undefined These nerve terminations also require Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:17:41 +0000 ) (e) The tongue is provided with organs of taste. Micro- scopically fine terminations of the nerves of taste (gustatory nerves) are chemically stimulated by sapid substances. These nerve terminations also require fixed tightly in special pits in the jaws, the teeth sockets or alveoli. Autor of the post: Undefined The teeth are composed Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 17:01:04 +0000 The portion of the tooth which projects freely from the jaws is termed the crown. If the part of the tooth which is embedded in the jaw is clearly distinguishable from the crown it is spoken of as the fang ; if otherwise, the tooth is said to "befangless. The teeth are composed of a hard bone-like substance, the dentine or ivory. Autor of the post: Undefined As a rule these folds Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:46:40 +0000 The crown is generally covered by a material of glassy hardness, the enamel (eg, in man). Frequently, too, the enamel penetrates into the dentine in the form of folds, thereby imparting to the tooth surface the necessary roughness (as in the molars of Eodents and Ruminants). As a rule these folds are filled by a bone-like material called cement. Autor of the post: Undefined The shape and formation Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:27:25 +0000 This same substance in many cases also covers the fangs. The interior of the tooth is always hollow, forming a cavity which encloses the nerves and bloodvessels (for the nutriment of the tooth). The shape and formation of the teeth bear the closest relation to the mode of life of the animal, particular teeth, moreover, having special tasks assigned to them. Autor of the post: Undefined ) 5 Respiration is always carried Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:16:20 +0000 (Division of labour. Give examples.) 5 Respiration is always carried on by means of lungs, and is per- formed by the action of special muscles. Autor of the post: Undefined Expira- tion is due chiefly Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 16:01:02 +0000 The most important of these muscles is the diaphragm, which ,in the form of a partition curving forwards (in man upwards) separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity. When the diaphragm contracts, it becomes flatter, and so the cavity is enlarged, and air is drawn into the lungs (inspiration). Expira- tion is due chiefly to the contraction of the elastic pulmonary vesicles, which are dilated by the inspired air. Autor of the post: Undefined By a longitudinal section it Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 15:42:58 +0000 6 The Heart. In mammals the heart shows its highest degree of development. By a longitudinal section it is divisible into two halves, each of which in turn consists of an anterior (auricle) and posterior (ventricle) cardiac chamber. 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