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(e) Limbs Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:34:16 +0000 The bones of this skeletal part unite with each other on the ventral side, forming a closed girdle. The statements which follow are limited to an explanation of the special features mentioned in the description of mammals, and of the deviations of structure exhibited by other classes of the vertebrata. (e) Limbs. Autor of the post: Undefined The hind-limb consists Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:17:09 +0000 These portions of the skeleton display the most variable types of structure, according to the manner of locomotion of the animal under consideration. They are, however, always composed of the following parts : The fore-limb consists of the upper arm, or humerus ; the forearm, made up of two bones, the radius and ulna, of which the latter is often rudimentary ; and the hand, or manus, consisting of the carpus, meta- carpus and digits (fingers). The hind-limb consists of the thigh-bone, or femur ; the leg proper (crus), made up of two bones, tibia and fibula (the latter often rudi- mentary) ; and the foot, or pes, consisting of the tarsus, metatarsus, and digits (toes). Autor of the post: Undefined (a) The eyes lie within Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:05:15 +0000 The knee-joint is protected in front by a special bone, the kneecap, or patella. 3 Organs of Sense. (a) The eyes lie within protective cavities, the orbits. Autor of the post: Undefined In front this covering Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:54:59 +0000 The wall of the eyeball is formed of three membranes. The outer- most of these, the sclerotic, serves as a protecting covering. In front this covering is transparent like the purest glass, in order to permit the entrance of light into the interior of the eye. Autor of the post: Undefined From the circumference Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:36:41 +0000 This transparent portion is termed the cornea. The second membranous layer is termed the choroid, and is well supplied with bloodvessels (supplying nutriment to the eye). From the circumference of the cornea the choroid stretches across the eye like a curtain, which is known as the iris. Autor of the post: Undefined The optic nerve enters Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:25:35 +0000 In the centre of the iris there is an aperture for the entrance of light, forming the pupil. This aperture contracts in a bright light, and dilates in a faint light. The optic nerve enters at the posterior end of the eyeball. Autor of the post: Undefined The space in front Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 19:05:39 +0000 It penetrates the two outer membranes (sclerotic and choroid), and then expands in the form of the retina upon the inner side of the choroid. Directly behind the iris is a lens-shaped body, the crystalline lens. The space in front of the iris is filled with a watery fluid, the aqueous humour ; that behind the lens with a gelatinous substance, the vitreous body. Autor of the post: Undefined On the retina Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 18:47:33 +0000 Both the aqueous humour and vitreous body as well as the lens are highly transparent. The eye is constructed on the same plan as the camera of the photographer. On the retina, as on the sensitive plate of the camera, there is formed an in- verted and diminished image of the external world, and the retina, being composed of nerve terminations sensitive to light, transmits the image to the brain. Autor of the post: Undefined By the external auditory aperture Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 18:29:19 +0000 (What is the importance of eyelids, eyelashes and eyebrows ?) (6) The ear is the organ of hearing. In most mammals ex- ternal funnel-shaped projections, the pinnoB, are provided for catching the sound-waves. By the external auditory aperture these waves enter the ear passage, or external auditory meatus, the end of which is closed by a fine membrane, the tympanic membrane. Autor of the post: Undefined The end of the innermost Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 18:15:20 +0000 The sound-waves induce HUMAN EAR. A canal, the Eustachian tube, leads from the throat into the tympanic cavity, and thus establishes com- munication with the external air. The end of the innermost of" the small ear-bones (stapes) is applied to a fine membrane of the inner ear, or labyrinth, which lies in a corresponding bony cavity. 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