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Those materials of the food Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 23:08:36 +0000 By the action of all these fluids the food is converted into a condition which renders it capable of being absorbed by the walls of the intestine. In addition to numerous capillaries, narrow tubes, the lymphatic vessels, which absorb the fluid nutriment and convey it to the blood, lie within the walls of the intestine, the surface of the intestinal walls being frequently much folded for the purpose of increasing the absorbent surface and provided with peculiar prominences, or villi. Those materials of the food which fail to be absorbed, and are consequently useless as nourish- ment, are separated in the form of excrement, or faeces. Autor of the post: Undefined These accordingly must be removed Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:58:36 +0000 8 Organs of Secretion (or Excretion). As in the combustion of wood ash is left, so also in the combustion of animal bodies materials remain behind which are not only valueless, but actually noxious. These accordingly must be removed from the body. Autor of the post: Undefined Here again the blood plays Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:43:13 +0000 We have already become acquainted with one of these products, carbonic acid gas, and its separa- tion by means of the lungs. There are, however, others which also require removal. Here again the blood plays the role of an intermediary agent. Autor of the post: Undefined For the importance of sweat Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:27:42 +0000 It takes up these waste products of assimilation in the capillaries, conveying them to the kidneys, and in most mammals to the skin. In both these organs they are separated in the form of urine and sweat respectively. For the importance of sweat in another relation see under "Dog". Autor of the post: Undefined The limbs, as a rule Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 22:09:51 +0000 9 The Skin of vertebrates consists (with one single exception, the Lancelet) always of two layers, the epidermis and the derma. WARM-BLOODED animals, as a rule covered with hair, breathing through lungs, and producing living young (with the exception of cloacal animals), which for a time at least they nourish with milk. The limbs, as a rule, are in the form of legs. Autor of the post: Undefined The air spaces enclosed between Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:53:00 +0000 1 Body Covering. The body is, as a rule, provided with a coating of hair. The air spaces enclosed between the hairs prevent excessive diffusion of the body-heat into the external medium, air being a bad conductor of heat. Autor of the post: Undefined Hibernating animals, however eg Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:39:48 +0000 Animals, being very sensitive to an excessive loss of heat, are in need of such a covering. Experiments have shown that rabbits did not recover after their bodies had been cooled down to 18 C and brought into a chamber of the same tempera- ture. Hibernating animals, however eg, the bat can endure a much greater degree of cold. Autor of the post: Undefined The bones of the skull Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:21:05 +0000 2 Skeleton. The most important bones may be seen in the accompanying illustration, to which may be added the following remarks in regard to particular parts of the skeleton : (a) Skull. The bones of the skull are not, for the most part, com- pletely united, but are placed edge to edge, with projections of one bone fitting into notches of the other ; in this way sutures are formed. Autor of the post: Undefined The vertebral column may Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 21:05:00 +0000 The upper jaws (maxillary bones), however, are firmly united with the bones of the skull, while the lower jaw (mandible) is connected with the skull (temporal bones) by mean's of an articulation. (b) Vertebral Column and Thorax. The vertebral column may be subdivided into the following regions : Cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal. Autor of the post: Undefined (d) Pelvis Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 20:47:30 +0000 Only the dorsal vertebrae carry ribs. (c) The Shoulder Girdle, or Scapular Arch, consists of the shoulder- blade (scapula), which in animals with specially active fore-limbs (eg, bats) is further supported by a collar-bone, or clavicle. (d) Pelvis. 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