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, and inasmuch as every chemical Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 1:49:19 +0000 The, oxygen penetrates into the parts of the body (muscles, bones, nerves, etc), wliilst carbonic acid gas passes from these parts into the blood. The oxygen gas so taken up now unites chemically with the solid particles of the muscles, nerves, etc., and inasmuch as every chemical union of a body with oxygen is termed combustion, the muscles, nerves, etc. Autor of the post: Undefined Since, moreover, every combustion Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 1:37:31 +0000 , may be said to be slowly, but steadily, burning away. Just as carbonic acid gas is always produced in the combustion of carbonaceous bodies (eg, a, candle), this poisonous gas, which has to be removed from the body, is also formed in the combustion (ie, respiration) of animals. Since, moreover, every combustion is attended by the production of heat (this need not always assume the form of flame, as may be seen in the process of putrefaction eg, in manure-heaps), so also combustion in animals is accompanied by the development of heat, which we term body heat. Autor of the post: Undefined ) The blood, which has now Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 1:20:58 +0000 (The more energetically we move about, as in bodily labour, running, etc., the deeper is our breathing, the more oxygen is conveyed to the blood, and the more heat is generated in our body.) The blood, which has now become richer in carbonic acid gas, and has at the same time assumed a dark-red colour, collects in bloodvessels of larger and larger size, the veins, which conduct it to the heart. Autor of the post: Undefined The blood of vertebrata consists Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 1:04:09 +0000 From the heart it is pumped into the lungs, where, as already explained, it is freed from carbonic acid gas. In this manner the blood constantly pursues its way through the body, the whole process consti- tuting what is termed the circulation of the blood. The blood of vertebrata consists of a colourless fluid, in which are suspended an innumerable multitude of very small, disc-like red bodies (corpuscles), which impart to it its red colour. Autor of the post: Undefined And just as our engine Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 0:49:25 +0000 In order to put a steam-engine into action, it is necessary to light a fire beneath the boiler, which gradually consumes the coal or wood. In exactly the same manner, as we have seen, particle after particle is con- sumed in the combustion of the animal body. And just as our engine comes to a standstill if the supply of fresh fuel ceases, in the same manner the machine of the animal body would finally come to a stop if fresh fuel were not supplied to it. Autor of the post: Undefined , replacing therein what has been Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 0:30:48 +0000 This supply of fuel is likewise effected by the blood, which contains the materials of construction and combustion in a soluble form. These materials penetrate through the walls of the capillaries into the muscles, nerves, etc., replacing therein what has been consumed. Autor of the post: Undefined The food is seized Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 0:12:13 +0000 If more material is introduced than has been used up, the body grows. But how does the blood obtain possession of these materials ? 7 Digestion. The food is seized, and frequently also divided up, by means of the jaws (in the vertebrata the jaws always move upward and downward; compare insects), and passes by the mouth into the gullet, or oesophagus, and thence to the stomach. Autor of the post: Undefined In herbivorous mammals Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 23:59:59 +0000 Thence it is conveyed into the intestine, which as a rule consists of a narrower portion (small intestine) and of a wider portion (large intestine), which terminates at the anus. It is the task of the digestion to convert the food into such a form as to be capable of entering the blood, and of being carried by it over the whole body. In herbivorous mammals and in man this transformation commences in the mouth, where the starch present in the food is con- verted into sugar by the action of the saliva, which is formed in the salivary glands. Autor of the post: Undefined From the stomach this mass Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 23:44:03 +0000 The saliva, moreover, has, in addition, the important function of moistening or lubricating the food, so as to render it fitter for deglutition (compare, on the other hand, fishes). In the stomach, by the action of the gastric juice, which is discharged from numerous glands in the stomach walls, the food is not only converted into a pulpy or pap-like mass, but its albuminous constituents also are dissolved. From the stomach this mass passes into the small intestine. Autor of the post: Undefined The pancreatic juice Post Date: Mon, 18 Aug 2008 23:25:18 +0000 Here a fluid, the bile, is added to it, which is manufactured by the liver and frequently stored in a special sac, the gall-bladder. It is the function of the bile to divide the fats which are taken up with the food into infini- tesimally fine droplets, which are able to penetrate the walls of the intestine. The pancreatic juice, which is furnished by the pancreas, has a similar function, but has the further action of converting starch into sugar, sugar in solution being likewise able to penetrate through animal membranes. 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