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The other bones Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 6:39:58 +0000 At its anterior termination the spinal canal widens out into a large cavity, the cranial chamber, which encloses the brain. The bones of this cranial case are called cranial bones. The other bones of the head, which form the face, are called facial bones. Autor of the post: Undefined 3 Muscles Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 6:27:35 +0000 Both sets together form the cranial skeleton, or skull. The limbs also are supported by solid skeletal elements. 3 Muscles. Autor of the post: Undefined At their tapering ends Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 6:09:42 +0000 How are the bones put in motion ? If the skin is removed from a vertebrate animal, it will be seen that the flesh which covers the bones does not form a continuous mass, but consists of numerous smaller or larger bands. These are the muscles. At their tapering ends the muscles terminate in strong white cords, the tendons, which are attached to the bones. Autor of the post: Undefined The contraction of this muscle Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 5:53:07 +0000 The action of the muscles may be easily demonstrated in the human arm. A large muscle (the biceps) lies on the inner side of the upper arm, and above is connected by two tendons with the shoulder, and below by a single tendon with the fore- arm. The contraction of this muscle is clearly observed if we place our other hand on it in such a manner that the thumb touches its upper end and the tips of the fingers come to lie on its lower end. Autor of the post: Undefined This capacity is the property Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 5:41:09 +0000 As a result of this contraction, the forearm is drawn up after the manner of a drawbridge by its chain. Whilst, however, the bridge is raised by a force from without, in the present case the force lies within the muscle, viz, in its capability of contracting. This capacity is the property of all muscles, and all movements are brought about by the contractions of the muscles. Autor of the post: Undefined These movements, however, do not Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 5:27:39 +0000 The motions of the heart also, of the intestines, etc., are effected by muscles. These movements, however, do not depend on the will of the animal, but are involuntary, whereas the motion of the forearm was of a voluntary nature. Autor of the post: Undefined Now, the will is one Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 5:16:15 +0000 4 Nervous System. The biceps, as was said above, is contracted at our will. Now, the will is one of the mental activities which have their seat in the brain. Autor of the post: Undefined In the same manner Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 4:57:57 +0000 (Brain and spinal cord form the main portion of the nervous system.) The brain transmits its orders to the muscles by special conductors, the nerves, which consist of fine white threads or fibres passing out from the brain and spinal cord, and dividing, like the branches of a tree, in finer and finer ramifications over the whole body. In the same manner as the electric telegraph carries our words to far- distant places, the nerves convey the orders of the brain to the muscles ; and just as the telegraph calls forth in the distant place the motion by which our words are written down, so the nerves likewise call forth a motion, ie, the contraction of the muscles. Autor of the post: Undefined Again, if we approach Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 4:40:52 +0000 Take, for instance, the case of a cat which has caught sight of a mouse. The animal at once carries out a number of purposeful movements having for their object the capture, killing, and tearing to pieces of the mouse. Again, if we approach a limb to a hot object, we at once withdraw it, and so on. Autor of the post: Undefined The nerves of motion (motor Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 4:29:37 +0000 All these movements are replies to external stimuli. How do these stimuli affect the consciousness of man or animals? How are they transmitted to the brain ? This, likewise, is effected by means of nerves, which, in contradistinction to the nerves of motion just referred to, are termed nerves of sense. The nerves of motion (motor nerves) accordingly conduct from within outwards (centrifugal nerves), while the nerves of sense (sensory nerves) conduct from without inwards (centripetal nerves. 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