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Soft-bodied organisms like this, however Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 9:09:12 +0000 (Give examples) What is the function of limbs ? 2 Skeleton. The body of every creature must possess a certain amount of solidity, though this, according to our notions, may often be extremely slight (eg, in infusoria, the threads or mycelium of fungi). Soft-bodied organisms like this, however, can only live in water, in the earth, or within other bodies, where their own bodies may be supported and protected on all sides. Autor of the post: Undefined This is attained Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 8:57:53 +0000 Deprived of this support, the creature shrivels up and perishes (eg, a jelly-fish, thrown up on the shore). Hence, animals living on land or in the air, as most vertebrates do, require a greater amount of solidity. This is attained by the possession of an internal bony (or cartilaginous) framework, the skeleton , to which are attached the soft parts (eg, the muscles), and which holds enclosed in protective cavities (eg, cranium, thorax, eye-sockets, etc. Autor of the post: Undefined Motion takes place Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 8:38:23 +0000 ) the more specially sensitive organs. As animals must be capable of motion, it follows that the skeleton, instead of forming a single rigid mass, must consist of distinct movable parts, viz, the bones. Motion takes place in the joints (name the most important joints of the human body), and follows the mechanical laws of levers. Autor of the post: Undefined (We can separate the cartilage Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 8:22:24 +0000 In the example of the motion of the lower arm illustrated on p 4, indicate the fulcrum and the separate arms of the lever, also the points of application of the power and the weight. The bones consist of two separate elements : an animal component, the cartilage, and a mineral component, or bone ash. (We can separate the cartilage by immersing fresh bones in dilute hydrochloric acid ; the bone ash. Autor of the post: Undefined ) To the mineral constituents bone Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 8:04:21 +0000 Centrum or body of vertebra ; pedicle; foramen; spinous processes; transverse processes ; articulating process uniting vertebra to the preceding vertebra ; facets for articulation of the head of the rib to the vertebra. consists for the most part of carbonate and phosphate of lime, may be obtained by subjecting bones to a red heat.) To the mineral constituents bone owes its stone-like rigidity, while the cartilaginous elements endow it with the pliancy and elasticity of steel. Autor of the post: Undefined It commences in the head Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 7:47:37 +0000 A large bony rod traverses the whole length of the trunk. It forms the main support of the body, and consists of a number of almost similar bones, the vertebra These are placed in front of or above each other (as in man), like the stone slabs composing a pillar or column, whence this rod is appropriately named the vertebral column (vertebrata). It commences in the head and ends in the tail. Autor of the post: Undefined Two arches, which coalesce, forming Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 7:33:49 +0000 The vertebrae are for the most part more or less movably united with each other. Explain the significance of this in regard to motion. Two arches, which coalesce, forming a ring, extend dorsally (in some cases on the ventral side also) from the body of the vertebra, or centrum. Autor of the post: Undefined This position of these organs Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 7:20:36 +0000 The rings of all the vertebrae form a canal which encloses the spinal marrow. On the ventral side of the body are placed the organs of respiration, circulation and digestion. This position of these organs relatively to the nervous system is peculiar to the vertebrata. Autor of the post: Undefined Frequently lateral projections, the transverse Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 7:07:35 +0000 (Compare in this respect other animals, eg, the articulata.) A process, the (upper) spinous process, generally rises from the middle of the vertebral arch, and serves as a point of attachment for the muscles. Frequently lateral projections, the transverse processes, also occur. Autor of the post: Undefined Those ribs which are united Post Date: Tue, 19 Aug 2008 6:56:30 +0000 Long bones, the ribs, the number of which is variable, are con- nected with the vertebrae of the trunk. These act as a supporting framework for the walls of the cavities in which are lodged the internal organs (heart, lungs, intestines, etc). Those ribs which are united with the plate-like breast-bone, or sternum, are termed true ribs ; those which do not reach the sternum being called false ribs. 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